Therefore, the observed changes in dive behavior of the three species could potentially reduce the foraging efficiency of the affected animals. Acoustic recording data presented previously indicates that deep diving (DD) is associated with feeding. During LFAS exposures, long-finned pilot whales mostly performed fewer deep dives and some sperm whales performed shallower and shorter dives. Pilot and sperm whales performed normal deep dives (NDD) during MFAS exposure. When in ShD mode at sonar onset, killer whales did not change their diving behavior. Killer whales that were conducting deep dives at sonar onset changed abruptly to shallow diving (ShD) during LFAS, while killer whales conducting deep dives at the onset of MFAS did not alter dive mode. The tag recorded the animal's vertical movement, and additional data on horizontal movement and vocalizations were used to determine behavioral modes. Diving behavior was monitored before, during and after sonar exposure using an archival tag placed on the animal with suction cups. Diving behavior of four killer whales ( Orcinus orca), seven long-finned pilot whales ( Globicephala melas), and four sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus) was studied during controlled exposures to naval sonar during three field seasons (2006–2009). Andrews, UKĪnthropogenic underwater sound in the environment might potentially affect the behavior of marine mammals enough to have an impact on their reproduction and survival. 6Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St.5Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, The Hague, Netherlands.

4Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M Corpus Christi, Texas, TX, USA.3Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.2Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Maritime Systems Division, Horten, Norway.1Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.

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